what is the actual meaning of "would" and "could"?

Will do: it is certain he do it in future.

Would do: it is certain he decide to do now or in future it if he has ability to do and/or knows about it and/or nothing else stop him.

Would have done: it is certain he decide to do in past if he had ability to do and/or knew about it and/or nothing else stop him.

Can do: he have ability to do now or in future.

Could do: he have ability to do now or in future if he decide to do and/or no external condition that stops it being done.

Could have done: he had the ability, he didn't do in past (maybe there are reasons).

would = intent to do if there is ability.
could = ability to do if there is intent.

intent: the desire to do and/or the knowledge that it needs to be done and/or no external condition that stops it being done.

"would you like coffee" = If I give to you ability to drink coffee right now, what is your answer, Yes or No?

"I would do it" = If nothing stops me and I have the ability to do, then I do it. This is said with knowledge that some condition must be met before you can do it:
"I would drink that coffee if you give it to me."
It is letting the listener know that you intend to do action, but it first requires some other thing to happen which gives you ability.

This is a great write up BUT there are other mistakes you should fix since you're helping someone learn. "He have" instead of "he has," etc.
- WTF NO! You suggested that bullshit? I wondered why everything was so goddamn clunky.
  
  "HE HAS", NOT "HE HAVE". And should be the ability.
  
  The way it's written now sounds EXACTLY like someone who's first language ISNT English trying to teach someone else English. It's butchered terribly.
Will do can also mean enough. Like,
- … ?

Would is a hypothetical will. "Would you dance" is a general query, but "will you dance" is a call to action. A lot of the time, would is followed by if, as in, "would you dance if I asked you to?"

"Would you like coffee" is a round-about way to ask if you want coffee. Full form would be "if I brought you coffee, would you like it?"

Past tense is "would have", such as "would you have liked coffee?" This is generally a missed opportinuty where you didn't do something, and you're asking so you can know more for the future. Saying "I would have" generally means "I didn't."

Your post is mostly excellent but I'm afraid your last sentence might cause confusion because you don't specify what they didn't. "I didn't" what?
- I disagree. I clearly equated both phrases, and both phrases can either exist in a longer sentence to establish the subject or as a complete phrase with the subject established in a previous sentence.
  
  Examples: "I would have danced" is functionally the same as "I didn't dance." If someone asks you if you danced, you could answer "I would have" or "I didn't" and the same information is brought across.

Would: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/would
• a simple past tense and past participle of will
• used to express an intention or inclination
• used to express an uncertainty
• used in conditional sentences to express choice or possibility

Could: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/could
• a simple past tense of can
• used to express possibility
• used to express conditional possibility or ability
• used in asking for permission

Would / will is used when something is possible but you're not sure.
Could / can is used when you're not sure if something is possible. --

This is the right answer

Could is maybe-can: I bet I could jump over that car [if I wanted to].

As opposed to I bet I can jump over that car [and I'm going to try].

Would is maybe-will: If you saw an alligator, would you run away?

Would is also 'did', for habitual actions. When I was young, I would wait by the window for my father to come home.

Great answer, straight to the point, easy to understand for non-native English speaker
... and you also add this last part that I didn't know.

I would love to help you, but I couldn't possibly do that.

😋

I would love it if you could have helped me.

Did I get it right? :D
- You would have got it perfect if you had said “I would have loved it if you could have helped me”, but you could say that you got it right.
- I think the ideal phrasing is slightly different than the other poster. I would instead say "I would love it if you could help me" as that leaves open the possibility of present/future help. Saying "could have helped" presumes that it cannot be done anymore.

You're probably gonna get a better technical answer in !linguistics@mander.xyz on language questions.

It's not dealing with the past, but with things that don't happen or might not happen.

Does this answer your question? It's probably better than an ad-hoc explanation.

https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/qa/How-to-Use-Could-Would-and-Should

"Would" is a very confusing word in English. It can mean opposite things, but native English speakers don't usually notice how confusing it is.

"Would you?" can be a polite way of asking asking a question. "Would you like some coffee?" is basically the same as "Do you want some coffee?" but a little gentler. It implies more permission to say no.

You say yes to a "would you" question by saying "I would," or, "yes, I would."

EXCEPT

"I would" can also be a polite way of saying no. It means that the answer would be yes under some different circumstance. Someone might say "I would have some coffee, but I'm avoiding caffeine." This is like saying, "Under a different circumstance I'd gladly accept your offer."

So if I ask "would you like some coffee?" and you say "I would." That means yes. If you say "I would, but I just had some." That means no.

Many English learners find this extremely confusing, for good reason.

You're not helping to describe the use of "would" by adding extra words to negate the intent. "I would, but I won't" is two statements. You've instead described the use of the word "but".

Consider the difference between "would do" and "could do" to be the same as "will do" and "can do", respectively.

One implies action, the other implies capability.

There's also "should", which implies permission.

Consider, also, the progress of learning Python (programming language):

Could I do this in Python?
I would do this in Python.
I shouldn't do this in Python.

Edit to add: Would, could, and should are usually considered future-tense. But add "have" and it's past-tense..."I would have done that"

Haha there's some shade

Let's see if I can give at least something understandable. To start with, definitely not past tence.

If you ask "would you like coffee?" you're asking in the present if coffee is something the person wants to drink now. If you ask "would you go to the store?" you are asking if the person doesn't mind going to the store.

Could is similar but is slightly different, is to ask if the person can do something.

Could you take out the trash ? - are you able to take out the trash?

Would you take out the trash? - do you mind taking out the trash?

Not sure this helps, but in project management there's this think called the MoSCoW scale to define how important a requirement is, it looks like:

Must (you have to do it)

Should (very important but not as important)

Could (not important but if you can you should do it)

Would (would like to have, this is definitely not important but if you have enough time it'd be great)

Oh interesting, I've always taken the W in MoSCoW as "Won't"

They don’t have their own meaning. They modify the tense and mood of the sentence. In many languages, this is built into the verb but English doesn’t have that power. As a result, you have to use external modifiers.

If you won't, then you can't because mental barrier, but if you can't maybe you would if you could.

Regarding your question about being the past tense, they are also used that way. But you also need to make other changes.

Would you like coffee?

This is not about the past. As others have said, this is an offer of coffee. The response is

Yes I would. / No I wouldn't.

(Or any other acceptance of an offer)

Would you have liked coffee?

This is about the past. It means something like..."Before, is it possible that you wanted coffee?"

It's a little tough to explain. But a person might ask that question if invited a friend to a café, got there before the friend, and ordered two teas...then the friend looked disappointed about having a tea. "Sorry, do you not like tea? Would you have liked coffee instead?"

The answer here is

Yes I would've. / No I wouldn't have.

It's a similar situation for "could".

Could you take out the trash?

This is a request. As others have said, "would" could also be used as a request here, but it's not very common (at least like this).

Literally, I think it's a question of capability. I think "could" means "is it possible for X to happen"...but we use it to be a request because of politeness. English speakers don't think about it this way when making a request, but it will help understand what it means in the past.

Could you have taken out the trash?

This is a question about a past capability. It means something like..."Before, was it possible that you were able to take out the trash?"

You'd ask this if your kid didn't take out the trash and you want to know if it was possible (with the implication being that you want to know WHY).

The kid would answer

Yes, I could've, but ...

Or

No, I couldn't have, because ...

Or

Not now mom/dad, I'm playing a game

As you can see, using would/could in the past is possible, but complicated. "Should" is also usable in the past.

Should I wear a hat?

... Is a question about whether you need a hat (maybe before going outside for a walk).

Should I have worn a hat?

...is a question about whether you needed to wear a hat before. Maybe you didn't wear a hat and got a sunburn on your scalp. Ouch! Yes, you should've worn a hat.

I'm not a linguist, but here's how I understand it:

This is why would is so fucked: it's used both in the conditional, and the subjunctive mood. However, nothing I see in the online resources really talks about would being used in the subjunctive.

When someone uses the phrase "would you like a coffee?" I'm nearly certain that it's the subjunctive, polite way of saying "do you want coffee." It's very similar to the Spanish quieres/quisieras pair. In Spanish you get an irregular conjugation, but in English, the whole verb changes from to be to will.

As a non-linguist, native speaker, these mood changes come naturally to me. I never had to study them. As a second language learner, this is always one of the most brain-melting facets of a new language.

Edit: "do you" obviously isn't exactly using the verb to be. I'm not sure what to call that expression. It seems like it could be its own post. This is giving me a headache. This post gets into it, but doesn't really give the specific answers that I suspect you're looking for.

Lol you're right about this giving native English speakers a headache. I'm not sure the subjunctive is the correct explanation here, though.

The subjunctive mood in English primarily uses the past tense form of verbs ("were," "were to," etc.) to convey wishes or counterfactuality. E.g. 'I wish you wouldn't drink so much coffee', or 'If I were you, I wouldn't..."

However, 'would you like a coffee?' is a direct question of preference, which means it technically is using the indicative mood rather than the subjunctive. Here, 'would' functions as a model verb to soften the request and make it more polite.

I'm not an English teacher but here's a way of trying to understand these.

would can have various forms, but as used here "would you like coffee?" is not asking if you liked in the past, it's rather if you want now (or in the future) in a slightly more polite form. Would is a conditional. "would you take the blue or the red pill?" It's giving you a choice.

Can/could ask more about intent and whether you're able to do something. "Can you do X?" (Or could you do X? Is the same but a bit more formal). Is asking if the person is capable and wants to do something. "Would you do something?" Gives the person the conditional of either doing something else or just not doing it. It's a question with an "or else ...".

Could is also the past form of Can. "I could have done it (in the past) but I did not do it" vs. I can do it (now or in the future).

Hope it gives you a starting point!

To give you a final example using various forms:

"You could have Googled this, but you wouldn't want to waste time scrolling to the useless AI results, which I perfectly understand; we can't spend all day reading AI generated text."

As a native English speaker, these questions make me wish we all spoke Latin 😂

Then, instead of two problems, we have seven more specific problems.

Do you ever get that thing where the more you look at a word the more it looks wrong? I'm getting that with "would" and "could" after reading this thread.

I didn't really see people mentioning that "would" can still be used past-tense outside of "would have," though it's not in the same way - you use it when talking about something that happened multiple times in the past. For example, "When I was a kid my friends and I would go to the pool every Saturday," which means that, as children, my friends and I did visit the pool every Saturday.

I see the difference as Would is indicative of intent. E.g. would you drink coffee Could us indicative of ability. E.g. could you drink coffee

And this we get the best ending lyric from Alice in Chains..."if I would, could you ?"

Would is more definitive than could in most cases.

"That sounds like something Jim would do."

"I don't think Kevin would ever do that."

But when phrased as a question, "Would you like coffee?" it's asking your preference, again, a definitive yes/no.

Could is less about definitive fact, and more about possibilities.

"Yes, I could see Jim doing that."

Did he do it? Did he not do it? Unknown, but the possibility is there.

"No, I don't think Kevin could do that."

Is it POSSIBLE Kevin did something? It's possible, but the speaker finds it unlikely.

When asking a question would you like coffee? The meaning is do you want coffee. Though in the context of I would do something it is like saying I will do something but I cannot do that. For example I would go swimming if it was not raining. Instead of saying I will go swimming but because it is raining I will not go swimming. Though for it to be in the past you say would have in. Sorry if this is confusing I do not know any other way of explaining what this word means without using the word.

How about not specifying that they are Palestinian at all and calling them, "civilians".

Did you try to search for "would dictionary"? Also you could search for "would your_language".