Rodney King suffered a fractured skull and cheekbone after being beaten by 4 Los Angeles, CA police officers, who were charged with a number of offenses. Many Angelenos felt certain of a conviction. After all, there was irrefutable proof in the form of a video captured by George Holliday, then, blasted across the airwaves. Wrong! Not guilty!
3 hours later, Los Angeles was in flames.
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In WW2, the movement of millions of American troops to Britain, known as the “friendly invasion,” brought to light stark differences concerning racial segregation. Many Britons struggled to understand or accept the institutionalized discrimination that Black soldiers faced in White America, leading to tensions between the two allied nations on the matter of civil rights.
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Books
Goldman, Peter Louis. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. 2nd ed. University of Illinois Press, 1979.
Joseph, Peniel. The Sword and the Shield: The Revolutionary Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Basic Books, 2020.
Malcolm X with Haley, Alex. Autobiography of Malcolm X. 1965.
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Resources
https://www.livescience.com/martin-luther-king-jr-and-malcolm-x-similarities.html
https://www.npr.org/2023/05/15/1175833143/mlk-martin-luther-king-jr-malcolm-x-quote-biography
https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr-malcolm-x-meeting
https://lbj.utexas.edu/black-power-scholar-illustrates-how-mlk-and-malcolm-x-influenced-each-other
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/learning-from-malcolm-x.htm
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While Malcolm X had criticized the March on Washington, King wrote an essay in 1965 expressing his intent to employ nonviolent civil disobedience as a peaceful means to paralyze cities and pursue justice beyond civil and voting rights acts.
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In his final nationally televised speech, delivered on March 25, 1965, King addressed American democracy, racial justice, and the challenges ahead. By August 6, 1965, the Voting Rights Act had passed, but just days later, the Watts uprising erupted in Los Angeles. Following the Watts uprising, King and Malcolm X's perspectives began to converge.
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Despite the violent events of Bloody Sunday, where Alabama state troopers attacked nonviolent demonstrators on the Edmund Pettus Bridge, King remained resolute. President LBJ eventually acknowledged the protesters as American heroes, and the Selma to Montgomery demonstration attracted thousands, including allies like Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel.
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The visions of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King converged following Malcolm X's assassination. King experienced a "mountaintop moment" and realized that he needed to return to the valley. The Selma to Montgomery march became a crucial event, solidifying King's conviction.
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The roles of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X intertwined in a captivating dance. However, after Malcolm X's assassination, a significant irony and transformation occurred: King assumed the role of Black America's prosecuting attorney.
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This new perspective prompted Malcolm X to arrange a meeting with King, but the meeting never happened. It was scheduled for Tuesday, February 24, 1965 but two days earlier Malcolm X was assassinated by Nation of Islam members. In a letter to Malcolm X’s wife following his assassination, King acknowledged their differing philosophies and approaches.
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After Malcolm X broke ties with the separatist Muslim movement, he began to speak more reverently of the viewpoints of Martin Luther King Jr. He publicly acknowledged, "Dr. King wants the same thing I want - freedom!"
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The disagreement came to a head the following year in 1963 when it was revealed that Muhammed had been carrying on extra-marital affairs – a serious violation of the Nation of Islam’s strict teachings. Dismayed by Muhammed’s hypocrisy and realizing the Nation’s limitations due to its stringent doctrine, Malcolm X broke with the movement in 1964.
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In time, Malcolm X would become less confrontational with King and his philosophies, due in part to his growing estrangement with the Nation of Islam. Tensions grew when Malcolm X and the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammed, differed on the Nation’s response to a shooting of a Nation member by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1962; Malcolm X demanded action while Muhammed advocated caution and patience.
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King defended Black people to white people, conveying that Black people desired inclusion in the body politic and citizenship, not Black supremacy or revenge. Likewise, he defended white people to Black people, emphasizing the presence of many good white individuals who fought alongside the movement and contributed to the pursuit of Black citizenship.
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Peniel Joseph, the historian, suggests that Malcolm X served as the prosecuting attorney for Black America, accusing white America of crimes against Black humanity that stretched back to racial slavery. In contrast, King acted as the defense attorney for Black America, but he defended both sides of the color line.
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In a speech in 1963, King responded to Malcolm X's labeling him an Uncle Tom by asserting that nonviolence was a weapon of strength. He viewed nonviolence as a powerful and courageous approach, capable of transforming America against its will.
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For his part, Malcolm X publicly denounced Martin Luther King many times, calling the preacher a modern-day Uncle Tom stating that “B y teaching them to love their enemy, or pray for those who use them spitefully, today Martin Luther King is just a 20th century or modern Uncle Tom, or a religious Uncle Tom, who is doing the same thing today, to keep Negroes defenseless in the face of an attack.”
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I
In response to Malcolm X's critique of nonviolent civil disobedience, King maintained that nonviolence was both a moral and political strategy. He believed Black people should not succumb to the idea of becoming oppressors themselves. Given that Black people were a minority in the United States, engaging in an armed conflict would result in overwhelming force being used against them.
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While King had armed guards during the Montgomery bus boycott after his home was firebombed, he usually did not have his own people armed. Nevertheless, there were civil rights activists in the Deep South who, although not directly associated with his Southern Christian Leadership Conference, protected him and other demonstrators against racial terror.
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On the other hand, King's stance on non-violent protest versus self-defense was nuanced. Although he championed nonviolence, King had people around him, particularly during demonstrations, who carried arms to protect him and other peaceful civil rights activists from racial terror. These individuals were not armed in the same manner as the Black Panthers would later be, but they aimed to ensure the safety of demonstrators.
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Malcolm X's "by any means necessary" approach to protest aimed to empower Black people to defend themselves against police brutality. He argued that Black people had the right to self-defense. Furthermore, he pointed to anti-colonial revolutions across Africa and the Third World in the 1950s and '60s to support the notion that utilizing self-defense was essential for true revolution against racial terror.
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His idea of separatism involved Black people fostering self-love and confidence, organizing and building parallel institutions. Due to the pervasive disease of racism in America, racial integration into American democracy was impossible.
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The perception of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X is one where the two men are diametrically opposed figures in the battle against white supremacy (political insider vs. political renegade). The truth is more nuanced. King and Malcolm X shared "convergent visions" for the betterment of Black America. However, their strategies to attain their shared goal were shaped by their disparate upbringings.
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D. Elisabeth Glassco @mastodon.social Lecturer l Doctoral Candidate/ABD in History and Sociology of American Media Representation of Race, Class, and Public History, Rutgers, New Brunswick. NO JUSTICE NO PEACE \>\> BLACK LIVES MATTER. I always follow back. Just give me a bit of time. #histodon #historodons #journodons #Commodons #TwitterMigration