When I was in Saint Petersburg (Russia), I was asleep at 2 in the morning. My girlfriend at the time - a StP local - woke me up and asked if I was hungry. I said no, I want to sleep. She said we could order pizza. Don't you like pizza? Let's order pizza! By this stage my sleep was completely ruined so I said sure why not. So we ordered and it arrived at about 3am. It was pretty good pizza but I would have preferred sleep.
It seems to be almost entirely about temperature/climate ... warm weather = eat at night when it's cool.
Searching for some cultural factors then becomes the interesting question. Which places offer food in spite of their climate?
Scrolling through the linked page and its maps, South America, India and South East Asia (eg Thailand etc) stand out.
Southern cities in South America such as Buenos Aires seem to have a night life despite being rather south (and therefore presumably cool), compared at least to more northern/warmer cities.
Similarly, Indian cities seem to do late night food (which I've heard is generally a thing in Indian culture, to eat dinner relatively late) while south east asia, which I presume is just as warm, doesn't do late food.