Some yes, not all tho, doing it in a browser has more isolation but if you need to use the app you can also disable all permissions that "they need to properly function", usually the app works but they are very hesitant in making you allow the microphone, contacts and camera all the time
I've been on Graphene for 2 years now, and all my banking apps (from 3 different countries, business and personal) work perfectly.
I used Calyx for a while, and everything worked there as well.
For most deGoogled OSs that allow to te-lock the bootloader, there should be no issues when using banking apps.
This site has a crowd sourced list of apps that includes their compatibility on deGoogled Android devices.
Personally, I've had very few issues with apps not working, and banking/productivity apps haven't given me issues on CalyxOS, but your mileage may vary