Oh sorry, I thought you were trolling me by literally writing "removed". I just now followed your fediverse link and can see that you wrote "removed".
Yes that word is replaced on the server. I would say it's a bit overkill too, but hey it's a derogatory word towards women, so I think there are more general words like "fuck", "shit", "dick" and "cunt" that can be swapped in to convey the same point.
I'm not offended by it. I know of folks who would rank many of the words you've listed as much more harshly interpreted.
In addition american broadcasting standards are a good starting point, if you're asking in good faith for understanding the idea.
I think my search skills suck, since I couldn't find anything specific to curse words in the US, other than the "Seven Dirty Words" from George Carlin[0,1]. From what I understand, the FCC does not have an official list of words[2], even on their official website[3] (which seems to lack a fact sheet), but does seem to follow what Carlin said. That leads me to believe that the words I wrote are offensive on a cultural basis. The B word is notably absent from all these lists, which I do find strange as a Brit, since calling someone a B is far more targetted[4, see Table1] at women than calling someone a cunt or a twat (which can be used equally and even colloquially).
In German media, swearing is virtually completely allowed, though I can only find secondary sources. Hell even in our "congress", swearing happens quite freely[5].